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Yaşar Kemal

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Yaşar Kemal
Portrait of Yaşar Kemal by Ara Güler
Portrait of Yaşar Kemal by Ara Güler
BornKemal Sadık Gökçeli
(1923-10-06)6 October 1923
Gökçedam, Osmaniye, Turkey
Died28 February 2015(2015-02-28) (aged 91)
Istanbul, Turkey
OccupationNovelist
Period1943–2002
Notable works
Notable awards
Spouses
  • Thilda Serrero (m. 1952–2001)
  • Ayşe Semiha Baban (m. 2002–2015)

Yaşar Kemal (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈjaʃar ceˈmal]; born Kemal Sadık Gökçeli;[1] 6 October 1923 – 28 February 2015) was a leading Turkish writer and human rights activist of Kurdish origin.[2][3] He received 38 awards during his lifetime and had been a candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature on the strength of his 1955 novel Memed, My Hawk.[4][1]

An outspoken intellectual, he often did not hesitate to speak about sensitive issues, especially those concerning the oppression of the Kurdish people.[5] He was tried in 1995 under anti-terror laws for an article he wrote for Der Spiegel highlighting the Turkish Army's destruction of Kurdish villages during the Turkish–Kurdish conflict. He was released but later received a suspended 20-month jail sentence for another article he wrote criticising racism in Turkey, especially against the Kurds.[6][7][8][9][10]

Early life and education

[edit]
Turkish
literature
By category
Epic tradition
Folk tradition
Ottoman era
Republican era

Yaşar Kemal was born Kemal Sadık Gökçeli to Sadık and Nigâr on 6 October 1923 in Hemite (now Gökçedam),[11][12][13] a Turkmen[14] hamlet in the province of Osmaniye in southern Turkey.[11] He was born into the only Kurdish family in the village[15][16][17][11] but didn't face discrimination despite his ethnic difference.[14] Kemal had a difficult childhood, and his family had to flee from Van province to Diyarbakır province. From there, they were deported to Adana province.[18] He lost his right eye in a knife accident while his father was slaughtering a sheep for Eid al-Adha. When he was five years old he witnessed his father being stabbed to death by his adoptive son Yusuf while praying in a mosque.[1] These traumatic experiences left Kemal with a speech impediment, which lasted until he was twelve years old. At nine, Kemal began school in a neighbouring village; he continued his formal education in Kadirli in Osmaniye province.[1]

Kemal was a locally noted bard even before he began school but was unappreciated by his widowed mother until he composed an elegy on the death of one of her eight brothers, all of whom were bandits.[19] He became interested in writing as a means to record his work after talking to an itinerant peddler, who was doing his accounts. His village paid his way to university in Istanbul.[19]

He worked for a while for rich farmers as a labourer in the Çukurova cotton fields, ostensibly guarding river water against poor farmers' unauthorised use for irrigation. However, he actually taught the poor farmers how to steal the water undetected, by taking it at night.[19] Later he worked as a letter-writer, then as a journalist, and finally as a novelist. The Turkish police confiscated his first two novels.[19] In 1950, Kemal was imprisoned for alleged communist activities.[20] He visited Akdamar Island in 1951, where he saw the beginning of the planned demolition of the island's Holy Cross Church. Using his contacts, he helped stop the demolition (the church was restored by the Turkish government in 2005).[21]

Professional and political career

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He then moved to Istanbul to work for the Cumhuriyet newspaper, where he adopted his pen name.

In 1962, Kemal joined the Workers Party of Turkey (TİP) and "served as one of its leaders until quitting after the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968".[22] In 1967, Kemal established the Marxist magazine Ant together with Dogan Özgüden and Fethi Naci [tr].[23] The magazine published articles about Engels, Marx, Ho Chi Minh and Che Guevara.[24] In the aftermath of the military coup in 1971, the magazine was closed during the crackdown on left-wing politicians.[23] Because of the spate of political assassinations during the 1976–1980 political violence in Turkey, Kemal moved to Sweden for a time. He was often arrested for his political activities.[13] In 1995, he was prosecuted for making separatist propaganda after writing an article for Index on Censorship, because of his support for Kurdish dissidents. He was sentenced to 20 months and received a suspended sentence in March 1996.[25][26] In December 2000, he was involved in negotiations over the hunger strikes against the F-Type prisons.[27]

Later years and death

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On 14 January 2015, Kemal was hospitalised at Istanbul University's Çapa Medical Faculty, due to respiratory insufficiency. During the afternoon of 28 February 2015, he died in the intensive care unit, where he had been admitted for multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,[28] Following a religious funeral service held at Teşvikiye Mosque, attended by former Turkish president Abdullah Gül, political party leaders, high-ranking officials and an enormous assembly of mourners, he was buried on 2 March 2015 beside his first wife Thilda's grave in Zincirlikuyu Cemetery.[12][29][30] Kemal was survived by his wife Ayşe Semiha Baban and his adoptive son, visual artist Ahmet Güneştekin.[31]

Works

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I don't write about issues, I don't write for an audience, I don't even write for myself. I just write.

— Interview with The Guardian.[32]

In 1943 Kemal published his first book Ağıtlar ("Ballads"), a compilation of folkloric themes. This book brought to light many long-forgotten rhymes and ballads, which he had begun to collect at the age of sixteen.[1] He penned his first tale Pis Hikaye ("The Dirty Story") in 1944 while serving in the military in Kayseri. His stories Bebek ("The Baby"), Dükkancı ("The Shopkeeper") and Memet ile Memet ("Memet and Memet") were published in 1950. Then he published a book of short stories Sarı Sıcak ("Yellow Heat") in 1952. His books initially focused on the lives, sufferings and toil of the people of the Çukurova plain. Kemal used the legends and stories of Anatolia extensively as the basis for his works.[1]

In 1955 he received international acclaim with the publication of Memed, My Hawk (Turkish: İnce Memed). In this book, Kemal criticised the fabric of society via a protagonist who flees to the mountains as a result of the oppression of the ağas. One of the most famous writers in Turkey, Kemal was noted for his command of the language and his lyrical descriptions of Turkish rural life. He won nineteen literary prizes over his lifetime and was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1973.[33] Produced by Fuad Kavur, in 1984,MEMED MY HAWK was made into a film of the same name, starring Peter Ustinov and Herbert Lom. Although the film enjoyed a Royal Première in London and had theatrical runs in US and Europe, in Turkey it was banned and remains so to this day- 2023.[citation needed]

His 1955 novel Teneke was adapted into a theatrical play, which ran for almost a year in Gothenburg, in Sweden, the country in which he lived for about two years in the late 1970s.[34] Italian composer Fabio Vacchi adapted the same novel with its original title into a three-act opera, which premiered at the Teatro alla Scala in Milan, Italy, in 2007.

Personal life

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In 1952, Yaşar Kemal married Thilda Serrero,[35] a member of a prominent Sephardi Jewish family in Istanbul. Her grandfather, Jak Mandil Pasha, was the chief physician of the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II.[36] She translated seventeen of her husband's works into English.[37] In 2001 Thilda predeceased Yaşar, dying, aged 78, from pulmonary complications in an Istanbul hospital. She was buried in Zincirlikuyu Cemetery.[37] Thilda was also survived by her son Raşit Göğçel and a grandchild.[37][28]

Yaşar Kemal remarried on 1 August 2002. His second spouse was Ayşe Semiha Baban, a lecturer in public relations at Istanbul Bilgi University in Istanbul who had been educated at the American University of Beirut, Boğaziçi University and Harvard University.[38]

Bibliography

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Stories

  • Sarı Sıcak, ("Yellow Heat") (1952).[39]

Novels

  • İnce Memed (Memed, My Hawk) (1955)[39]
  • Teneke (The Drumming-Out) (1955)[39]
  • Orta Direk (The Wind from the Plain) (1960)[39]
  • Yer Demir Gök Bakır (Iron Earth, Copper Sky) (1963)[39]
  • Ölmez Otu (The Undying Grass) (1968)
  • Ince Memed II (They Burn the Thistles) (1969)[39]
  • Akçasazın Ağaları/Demirciler Çarşısı Cinayeti (The Agas of Akchasaz Trilogy/Murder in the Ironsmiths Market) (1974)[39]
  • Akçasazın Ağaları/Yusufcuk Yusuf (The Agas of Akchasaz Trilogy/Yusuf, Little Yusuf) (1975)[39]
  • Yılanı Öldürseler (To Crush the Serpent) (1976)[40]
  • Al Gözüm Seyreyle Salih (The Saga of a Seagull) (1976)[39]
  • Allahın Askerleri (God's Soldiers) (1978)[39]
  • Kuşlar da Gitti (The Birds Have Also Gone: Long Stories) (1978)[39]
  • Deniz Küstü (The Sea-Crossed Fisherman) (1978)[39]
  • Hüyükteki Nar Ağacı (The Pomegranate on the Knoll) (1982)[39]
  • Yağmurcuk Kuşu/Kimsecik I (Kimsecik I – Little Nobody I (1980);[39] also published as "Salman the Solitary" (1997)[41]
  • Kale Kapısı/Kimsecik II (Kimsecik II – Little Nobody II)(1985)[39]
  • Kanın Sesi/Kimsecik III (Kimsecik III – Little Nobody III) (1991)[42]
  • Fırat Suyu Kan Akıyor Baksana (Look, the Euphrates is Flowing with Blood) (1997)[43]
  • Karıncanın Su İçtiği (Ant Drinking Water) (2002)[44]
  • Tanyeri Horozları (The Cocks of Dawn) (2002)[44]

Epic novels

  • Üç Anadolu Efsanesi (Three Anatolian Legends) (1967)[39]
  • Ağrıdağı Efsanesi (The Legend of Mount Ararat) (1970) – the base of the opera Ağrı Dağı Efsanesi 1971[39]
  • Binboğalar Efsanesi (The Legend of the Thousand Bulls) (1971)[39]
  • Çakırcalı Efe* (The Life Stories of the Famous Bandit Çakircali) (1972)[43]

Reportages

  • Yanan Ormanlarda 50 Gün (Fifty Days in the Burning Forests) (1955)[39]
  • Çukurova Yana Yana (While Çukurova Burns) (1955)[39]
  • Peribacaları (The Fairy Chimneys) (1957)[39]
  • Bu Diyar Baştan Başa (Collected reportages) (1971)[45]
  • Bir Bulut Kaynıyor (Collected reportages) (1974)[43]

Experimental works

  • Ağıtlar (Ballads) (1943)[39]
  • Taş Çatlasa (At Most) (1961)
  • Baldaki Tuz (The Salt in the Honey) (1959–74 newspaper articles)[39]
  • Gökyüzü Mavi Kaldı (The Sky remained Blue) (collection of folk literature in collaboration with S. Eyüboğlu)[43]
  • Ağacın Çürüğü (The Rotting Tree) (Articles and Speeches) (1980)[39]
  • Yayımlanmamış 10 Ağıt (10 Unpublished Ballads) (1985)[43]
  • Sarı Defterdekiler (Contents of the Yellow Notebook) (Collected Folkloric works) (1997)[43]
  • Ustadır Arı (The Expert Bee) (1995)[43]
  • Zulmün Artsın (Increase Your Oppression) (1995)[43]

Children's books

  • Filler Sultanı ile Kırmızı Sakallı Topal Karınca (The Sultan of the Elephants and the Red-Bearded Lame Ant) (1977)[39]

Awards and distinctions

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Literature prizes

[edit]
  • "Seven Days in the World's Largest Farm" reportage series, Journalist's Association Prize, 1955[46]
  • Varlik Prize for Ince Memed ("Memed, My Hawk"), 1956[46]
  • Ilhan Iskender Award for the play adapted from his book of the same name, Teneke ("The Drumming-Out"), 1966[46]
  • The International Nancy Theatre Festival – First Prize for Uzun Dere ("Long Brook"), 1966 -Theater adaptation from roman Iron Earth, Copper Sky.[47]
  • Madarli Novel Award for Demirciler Çarşısı ("Murder in the Ironsmith's Market"), 1974[46]
  • Choix du Syndicat des Critiques Littéraires pour le meilleur roman etranger (Eté/Automne 1977) pour Terre de Fer, Ciel de Cuivre ("Yer Demir, Gök Bakır")[39]
  • Prix du Meilleur Livre Etranger 1978 pour L'Herbe qui ne meurt pas (Ölmez Otu); Paris, Janvier 1979.[48]
  • Prix mondial Cino Del Duca decerné pour contributions a l'humanisme moderne; Paris, Octobre 1982.[39]
  • The Sedat Simavi Foundation Award for Literature; Istanbul, Turkey, 1985.[48]
  • Premi Internacional Catalunya. Catalonia (Spain), 1996[48]
  • Lillian Hellman/Dashiell Hammett Award for Courage in Response to Repression, Human Rights Watch, USA, 1996.[48]
  • Stig Dagerman Prize (Swedish: Stig Dagermanpriset), Sweden, 1997.[49]
  • Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels, Frankfurt, Germany, 1997.[50]
  • International Nonino Prize for his collected works, Italy, 1997[48]
  • Bordeaux, Prix Ecureuit de Littérature Etrangère, 1998[46]
  • Z. Homer Poetry Award, 2003
  • Savanos Prize (Thessaloniki-Greece), 2003
  • Turkish Publishers' Association Lifetime Achievement Award, 2003
  • Presidential Cultural and Artistic Grand Prize, 2008[51]
  • The Bjørnson Prize (Norwegian: Bjørnsonprisen), Norway, 2013.[52]

Decorations

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Honorary doctorates

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f "Yaşar Kemal biography". Archived from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  2. ^ Ertan, Nazlan (6 March 1997). "French pay tribute to Yasar Kemal". Turkish Daily News. Archived from the original on 31 May 2008.
  3. ^ Perrier, Jean-Louis (4 March 1997). "Yachar Kemal, conteur et imprécateur". Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 17 August 2008.
  4. ^ "Ölene kadar Nobel adayı olacağım". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 2 July 2007. Retrieved 4 April 2008.
  5. ^ Norman, Roger (5 June 1997). "Yasar Kemal and the last of the nomads". Turkish Daily News. Hürriyet. Archived from the original on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2008. ...for Yasar Kemal has become perhaps the best known champion of human rights in Turkey, the godfather of freedom of conscience. He is no stranger to prison and currently has a suspended prison sentence hanging over him.
  6. ^ "Turkish author Yasar Kemal dies at 92". BBC. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  7. ^ "Yasar Kemal, one of Turkey's best-known novelists, dies at 91". Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  8. ^ "Yasar Kemal: Author who came into conflict with Turkey for addressing human rights". Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  9. ^ "Usta yazar Yaşar Kemal tedavi gördüğü hastanede hayatını kaybetti!". Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  10. ^ "prominent-writer-yasar-kemal--laid-to-rest". Hürriyet. Hürriyet Daily News.
  11. ^ a b c Barchard, David (1 March 2015). "Yasar Kemal obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  12. ^ a b "Büyük usta son yolculuğuna uğurlandı". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 2 March 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  13. ^ a b "Yasar Kemal, celebrated Turkish novelist, dead at 91". TheGuardian.com. 28 February 2015.
  14. ^ a b Çelik, Mehmed Mazlum. "Yaşar Kemal: Bir kez bile "Kürt'sün sen" demediler". Independent Türkçe. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  15. ^ Mirhanoglu, Fidan (7 March 2015). "Yaşar Kemal Kürtçe Düşünüp Türkçe Yazdı". Bianet.
  16. ^ "Yaşar Kemal: 80 yıldır 'Bu adamlar niçin dağlardadırlar' diye düşünmedik!".
  17. ^ Jones, Derek (December 2001). Censorship: A World Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 2474. ISBN 9781136798641.
  18. ^ Üngör, Umut. "Young Turk social engineering : mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913- 1950" (PDF). University of Amsterdam. p. 239. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  19. ^ a b c d Kemal, Yaşar; Bosquet, Alain (1999). Yaşar Kemal on his life and art. Syracuse, N.Y: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 9780815605515. OCLC 1063383842.
  20. ^ "Yasar Kemal obituary". TheGuardian.com. March 2015.
  21. ^ "The Mass at Akhtamar, and What's Next". Asbarez.com. 1 October 2010. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  22. ^ Kinzer, Stephen (28 February 2015). "Yasar Kemal, Master Turkish Novelist and Strident Political Critic, Is Dead". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  23. ^ a b Landau, Jacob M. (31 March 2016). Radical Politics in Modern Turkey. Routledge. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-1-317-24105-8.
  24. ^ Landau, Jacob M. (2016), p.68
  25. ^ "Turkish author Yasar Kemal convicted". UPI. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
  26. ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Attacks on the Press in 1996 - Turkey". Refworld. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
  27. ^ "English :: Death Fasts: 107 Died, One still Fasting".
  28. ^ a b "Efsane yazar Yaşar Kemal'i kaybettik". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 1 March 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
  29. ^ "Yaşar Kemal'in cenazesine binler katıldı". BBC (in Turkish). 2 March 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  30. ^ "Yaşar Kemal son yolculuğuna uğurlandı". Anadolu Agency (in Turkish). 2 March 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  31. ^ "Yaşar Kemal'in oğlu konuştu: Bu bir mucize". A Haber (in Turkish). 2 March 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  32. ^ Birch, Nicholas (28 November 2008). "Yasar Kemal's disappearing world of stories". The Guardian. No. Books. Retrieved 3 January 2009.
  33. ^ "Nomination Archive - Yasar Kemal". NobelPrize.org. March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  34. ^ Göktaş, Lütfullah (30 June 2007). "Yaşar Kemal'in Teneke'si İtalyanca opera". NTV-MSNBC (in Turkish). Retrieved 11 July 2008.
  35. ^ Taylor & Francis Group (2004). "KEMAL, Yashar". In Elizabeth Sleeman (ed.). International Who's Who of Authors and Writers. Routledge. p. 290. ISBN 1-85743-179-0.
  36. ^ Uzun, Mehmed (22 January 2001). "Thilda Kemal: The Graceful Voice of an Eternal Ballad". Turkish Daily News. Archived from the original on 23 May 2006. Retrieved 11 July 2008.
  37. ^ a b c "Thilda Kemal, wife and translator of novelist Yasar Kemal, dies". Turkish Daily News. 19 January 2001. [dead link] Alt URL
  38. ^ Kayar, Ayda (11 August 2002). "Yaşar Kemal evlendi". Hürriyet (in Turkish). Retrieved 11 July 2008.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Büyük Larousse, vol. 24, p. 12448, Milliyet, "Yaşar Kemal"
  40. ^ Özkırımlı, Atilla; Baraz, Turhan (1993). Çağdaş Türk edebiyatı, Anadolu University, 105.
  41. ^ France, P., The Oxford Guide to Literature in English Translation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 624.
  42. ^ Çiftlikçi, Ramazan (1997). Yaşar Kemal: yazar, eser, üslup, Turkish Historical Society, p. 415: "KANIN SESİ: Dizinin son cildi KS, İM III ve IV'ün araya girmesi üzerine 1989'da tamamlanmış, aynı yıl Güneş gazetesinde tefrika edildikten sonra 1991 de kitap biçiminde yayımlanmıştır."
  43. ^ a b c d e f g h "Yaşar Kemal hayatını kaybetti" (in Turkish). Cumhuriyet. 28 February 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  44. ^ a b İnce, Özdemir. "Mutluluğun resmi de yapılır romanı da yazılır" (in Turkish). Radikal. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  45. ^ Secular State and Religious Society: Two Forces in Play in Turkey, Palgrave Macmillan, 204.
  46. ^ a b c d e Altınkaynak, Hikmet (2007). Türk edebiyatında yazarlar ve şairler sözlüğü, Doğan Kitap, p. 736
  47. ^ Köy Seyirlik Oyunları, Seyirlik Uygulamalarıyla 51 Yıllık Bir Amatör Topluluk: Ankara Deneme Sahnesi ve Uygulamalarından İki Örnek: Bozkır Dirliği Ve Gerçek Kavga Nurhan Tekerek
  48. ^ a b c d e f Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels 1997: Yasar Kemal, Buchhändler-Vereinigung, p. 63.
  49. ^ "En dag om året 1997 i Älvkarleby" (in Swedish). Anasys. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  50. ^ "1997 Yaşar Kemal" (PDF) (in German). Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  51. ^ "Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kültür ve Sanat Büyük Ödülleri dağıtıldı". Milliyet (in Turkish). No. Siyaset. Anka news agency. 4 December 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2008.
  52. ^ "Yaşar Kemal'e Norveç'ten 'Bjornson' ödülü". Zaman (in Turkish). 14 November 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  53. ^ a b Çiftlikçi 1997, p. 29
  54. ^ "Yaşar Kemal'e büyük "nişan"". CNN Türk (in Turkish). 18 December 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
  55. ^ "Turkish writer Yaşar Kemal gets Armenia's Krikor Naregatsi medal". Hurriyet. 4 September 2013.
  56. ^ "Uluslararası Yaşar Kemal Sempozyumu" (in Turkish). NTV. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  57. ^ "Yaşar Kemal: Umutsuzluk umudu yaratır". ntvmsnbc.com (in Turkish). Anadolu Ajansı. 7 October 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2009.
  58. ^ "Umutsuzluktan umut üreten edebiyat çınarı Yaşar Kemal'i sonsuz yolculuğuna uğurluyoruz..." (in Turkish). Boğaziçi University. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  59. ^ "Yaşar Kemal'e fahri doktora" (in Turkish). Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
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