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Islamabad Capital Territory

Coordinates: 33°44′15″N 73°08′51″E / 33.73750°N 73.14750°E / 33.73750; 73.14750
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This article is about the administrative division of the Federal territory of Pakistan. For the capital city, see Islamabad. For other uses, see Islamabad (disambiguation).

Islamabad Capital Territory
وفاقی دارالحکومت
Federal territory
Islamabad Expressway
Pakistan Monument
Fatima Jinnah Park
Parliament of Pakistan
Supreme Court of Pakistan
Faisal Mosque
Location within Pakistan
Location within Pakistan
Islamabad Capital Territory is located in Islamabad Capital Territory
Islamabad Capital Territory
Islamabad Capital Territory
Coordinates: 33°44′15″N 73°08′51″E / 33.73750°N 73.14750°E / 33.73750; 73.14750
Country Pakistan
Established14 August 1967; 57 years ago (1967-08-14)[1]
CapitalIslamabad
Government
 • BodyICT Administration
 • Chief CommissionerImran Khan (PAS)[2]
 • Deputy CommissionerIrfan Nawaz Memon
 • Chairman CDAAmer Ali Ahmed[3]
 • High CourtIslamabad High Court
Area
[4]
 • Federal territory906.50 km2 (350.00 sq mi)
Highest elevation
1,500 m (5,000 ft)
Lowest elevation
490 m (1,610 ft)
Population
 (2023)[5]
 • Federal territory2,363,863
 • Density2,600/km2 (6,800/sq mi)
 • Urban
1,108,872 (46.91%)
 • Rural
1,254,991
GDP
 • Federal territory of Pakistan$12.8 billion (2024)
Time zoneUTC+05:00 (PKT)
Postcode
44000
Area code051
ISO 3166 codePK-IS
HDI (2022)0.802[6]
Very high
Literacy rate (2022)96%
Seats in National Assembly3
Main language(s)
  • Official: Urdu, English
Notable sports teamsIslamabad United, Islamabad Jinns
Zones5[7]
Sectors81[citation needed]
Union Councils50[citation needed]
Websitewww.ictadministration.gov.pk/

The Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT; Urdu: وفاقی دارالحکومت, romanized: Vafāqī Dār-alhakūmat) is the only federal territory of Pakistan that is centred around Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan, located on the northern edge of the Pothohar Plateau, at the foot of the Margalla Hills, in the northwestern area of the Punjab region. The territory shares borders with the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in the west and with the province of Punjab[b] in the remaining directions. It covers an area of 906.5 square kilometres (350.0 sq mi) and, according to 2023 census, has a population of over 2.3 million.[5]

The area was separated from Rawalpindi District in 1967 to form a separate territory administered by the federal government. The territory is represented in the National Assembly by NA-52, NA-53, and NA-54 constituencies and by four seats in the Senate.

History

[edit]

In 1960, land was transferred from Rawalpindi District of Punjab province to replace Karachi Federal Capital Territory and establish Pakistan's new capital. According to the 1960s master plan, the Capital Territory included Rawalpindi, and was to be composed of the following parts:[8]

  • Rawalpindi, 259 square kilometres (100 sq mi)
  • Islamabad Urban, 220.15 square kilometres (85.00 sq mi)
  • Margalla Hills, 220.15 square kilometres (85.00 sq mi)
  • Islamabad Rural, 466.20 square kilometres (180.00 sq mi)[4]

However, Rawalpindi was eventually excluded from the Islamabad master plan in the 1980s.[8]

Administration

[edit]
The five zones and sectors of Islamabad

Zones

[edit]
Map showing the five zones of Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan

Islamabad is subdivided into five zones:[9][10]

  • Zone I: Designated for urban development and federal government institutions
  • Zone II: Designated for urban development
  • Zone III: Designated for rural development
  • Zone IV: Designated for rural development
  • Zone V: Designated for rural development

Sectors

[edit]
Main article: Sectors of Islamabad

Union councils

[edit]

Islamabad Capital Territory comprises urban and rural areas. The rural consists of 23 union councils, comprising 133 villages, while urban has 27 union councils.[11]

Union Councils of Islamabad Capital Territory
UC # Chief locality Localities within jurisdiction
1 Saidpur Said Pur, Gokina, Talhar
2 Noorpur Shahan Noorpur Shahan, Ratta Hutar
3 Mal Pur Mal Pur, Romali, Nariyas, Phadu, Shahdrah Khurd, Shahdrah Kalan, Mandala, Jang Begial, Subban Syedan, Mangial, Quaid-e-Azam University
4 Kot Hathial (Shamal) Kot Hathial, Bhara Kahu, Nayiabadi, Muhallah Alnoor, Muhallah Ban, Muhallah Malkan, Dhok Syedan
5 Kot Hathial (Janoob) Kot Hathial, Nainsukh, Barakahu, Behra Syedan, Muhallah Ghousia, Sharak-e-Madina, Dhok Jilani, Muhallah Malikabad
6 Phulgran Phulgran, Phul Garan, Dhok Kuch, Abbasiabad, Dhok Badhan, Muhallah Kangar, Mahallah Ranjpuran, Shahpur, Bobry, Karlot Chattar, Mohra Rajpoota, Muhallah Sumbul, Bani Gala
7 Pind Begwal Pind Begwal, Bainala, Maira Biguwal, Atthal, Dhok Sajjal, Dhok Nanda Sihali, Jandala, Simli
8 Tumair Tumair, Pihont, Chakhtan, Darkalam, Kanjnah
9 Charah Charah, Dhok Maira, Dhok Las, Kiani, Dhok Haveli
10 Kirpa Kirpa, Ladhiot Syedan, Pind Malikan, Dhok Ban, Bhimbar Tarar, Mahallah Haveli Rajgan, Mehfozabad, Chaniol, Muhallah Chaudrian, Ara, Gora Mast, Dhok Jogian Harnu, Chauntra Sogran
11 Mughal Mughal, Hardoghar, Kangota Gujjran Sihala, Hondamial, Nara Syedan, Chuchkal Chakiyan, Chak Kamdar
12 Rawat Rawat, Bhangrial Kalan, Banni Saran, Mohra Nagial, Sawan, Bagga Shaikhan
13 Humak Humak, Kaniyal, Gora Syedan, Niazian
14 Sihala Sihala Khurd, Maira Dakhli, Bhandar Sihala, Jarki Sihala, Gagri Sihala, Jhundla, Kangota Syedan, Gura Mistriyan
15 Lohi Bhair Lohi Bhar, Shahrak-e-Korang, Bagh-e-Sawan, Shahrak-e-Pakistan
16 Darwala Darwala, Dhaliala, Panwal, Chucha Sheikhiyan, Bhair, Kanghar, Sher Ghamial, Dhok Kavgar, Kathrial, Chucha, Dhok Kashimiriya, Harn maira, Malali, Bun koutha, Pahg Panwal, Farash, Bangiyal
17 Koral Koral, Tarlai Khurd, Gangal, Chaklala, Shareefabad, Gohra Sardar, Tarlai
18 Khana Dak Khana Dak, Dhok Jabba, Pindorian, Shahrak-e-Bilal, Shahrak-e-Barma, Shahrak-e-Madina, Muhallah Wahid Abad, Shahrak-e-Masih)
19 Tarlai Kalan Tarlai Kalan, Irfanabad, Chappar Meer Khanal, Sahana
20 Ali Pur Ali Pur, Alipur,Jhang Syedan,Partal, Khadrapar, Farash,
21 Sohan Sohan Dehati, Khana Kak, Shakrial, Shakrial (Sharki)
22 Chak Shahzad Chak Shahzad, Chak Bihra Shigh, Jaba Teli, Sohana, Pandori, Chhatta Bakhtawar, Bohan, Dhoke Sharaf, Mujuhan
23 Kuri Kuri, Malot, Rakh Bani Gala, Rihara, Mohra Jujan
24 Shahrak-e-Rawal Shahrak-e-Rawal, Shahrak-e-Margala, Sumbal Korakh, Puna Faqeeran, Mohrian
25 Sector F-6 F-6/1, F-6/2, F-6/3, F-6/4, Farooqi Bazar, Madni Masjid, Dhobi Gat
26 Sector G-6/1
27 Sector G-6 Sector G-6/2, Sector G-6/3 & Sector G-6/4
28 Sector F-7, F-8, F-9
29 Sector F-10, F-11
30 Sector G-7/3, G-7/4
31 Sector G-7/1, G-7/2
32 Sector G-8/3, G-8/4
33 Sector G-8/1, G-8/2
34 Sector G-9 Sector G-9/1, G-9/3, G-9/4
35 Sector G-9/2
36 Sector G-10/3, G-10/4
37 Sector G-10/1, G-10/2
38 Sector G-11 Sector G-11/1, G-11/2, G-11/3, G-11/4
39 Maira Sumbal Jaffar Maira Sumbal Jaffar, Golra Sharif, Badia Rusmat Khan, Maira Akku, Dhareek Mohri, Shahrak-e-Effaq
40 G-13
40 Sector I-8 Sector I-8/1,I8/2,I8/3,I8/4
41 Sector I-9
42 Sector I-10/1
43 Sector I-10 Sector I-10/2, I-10/3, I-10/4
44 Bokra Bokra, Haji Complex, Soria Harboza, Mouza Sorain, Peer Wadhai, Shahrak-e-Iqbal
45 Jhangi Saydan
46 Village Noon Badhana Kalan, Dhoke Makhan, ETC
47 Tarnol
48 Sarai Kharbooza
49 Shah Allah Ditta
50 Golra Sharif

Climate

[edit]
Main article: Climate of Islamabad
Islamabad's deciduous trees colours in autumn, Atatürk Avenue

Seasons

[edit]

The climate of Islamabad has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa), with five seasons: winter (November–February), spring (March and April), summer (May and June), rainy monsoon (July and August), and autumn (September and October).

Temperatures

[edit]

The temperatures range from 13 °C (55 °F) in January to 38 °C (100 °F) in June. The hottest month is June, where average highs routinely exceed 38 °C (100.4 °F), while the coolest month is January. The highest recorded temperature was 46.6 °C (115.9 °F) on 23 June 2005 while the lowest temperature was −6 °C (21.2 °F) on 17 January 1967.[12][13] Winters generally feature dense fog in the mornings and sunny afternoons. In the city, temperatures stay mild, with snowfall over the higher elevations points on nearby hill stations, notably Murree and Nathia Gali.

Precipitation

[edit]

The wettest month is July, with heavy rainfalls and evening thunderstorms with the possibility of cloudburst and flooding. Highest monthly rainfall of 743.3 millimetres (29.26 in) was recorded during July 1995.[14] On 23 July 2001, Islamabad received a record breaking 620 millimetres (24 in) of rainfall in just 10 hours. It was the heaviest rainfall in Islamabad in the past 100 years and the highest rainfall in 24 hours as well.[15][16] The city has also experienced snowfall on a number of occasions. Islamabad's micro-climate is regulated by three artificial reservoirs: Rawal, Simli, and Khanpur Dam. The latter is located on the Haro River near the town of Khanpur, about 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Islamabad. Simli Dam is 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of Islamabad.

Vegetation

[edit]

Around 220 acres (89 ha) of the city consists of the Margalla Hills National Park, while the Loi Bher Forest is situated along the Islamabad Highway, covering an area of 1,087 acres (440 ha).[17]

Climate data for Islamabad (1991-2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 25.0
(77.0) 		30.0
(86.0) 		37.0
(98.6) 		44.0
(111.2) 		45.6
(114.1) 		48.6
(119.5) 		45.0
(113.0) 		42.0
(107.6) 		38.1
(100.6) 		38.0
(100.4) 		32.2
(90.0) 		28.3
(82.9) 		48.6
(119.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 17.7
(63.9) 		20.0
(68.0) 		24.8
(76.6) 		30.6
(87.1) 		36.1
(97.0) 		38.3
(100.9) 		35.4
(95.7) 		33.9
(93.0) 		33.4
(92.1) 		30.9
(87.6) 		25.4
(77.7) 		20.4
(68.7) 		28.9
(84.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 10.7
(51.3) 		13.4
(56.1) 		18.1
(64.6) 		23.6
(74.5) 		28.7
(83.7) 		31.4
(88.5) 		30.1
(86.2) 		29.1
(84.4) 		27.6
(81.7) 		23.3
(73.9) 		17.3
(63.1) 		12.5
(54.5) 		22.2
(71.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.2
(36.0) 		6.8
(44.2) 		11.4
(52.5) 		16.6
(61.9) 		21.5
(70.7) 		24.5
(76.1) 		24.9
(76.8) 		24.2
(75.6) 		21.7
(71.1) 		15.6
(60.1) 		9.1
(48.4) 		3.4
(38.1) 		15.2
(59.3)
Record low °C (°F) −10
(14) 		−8
(18) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		1.6
(34.9) 		5.5
(41.9) 		13
(55) 		15.2
(59.4) 		14.5
(58.1) 		13.3
(55.9) 		5.7
(42.3) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		−2.8
(27.0) 		−6.0
(21.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 55.2
(2.17) 		99.5
(3.92) 		180.5
(7.11) 		120.8
(4.76) 		39.9
(1.57) 		78.4
(3.09) 		310.6
(12.23) 		317.0
(12.48) 		135.4
(5.33) 		34.4
(1.35) 		17.7
(0.70) 		25.9
(1.02) 		1,415.3
(55.73)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 4.7 8 9 9 5.2 6.0 12.3 11.9 6.4 2.9 2.0 2.0 79.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours 195.7 187.1 202.3 252.4 319.0 300.1 264.4 250.7 262.2 275.5 247.9 195 2,952.3
Source 1: NOAA (sun, 1961-1990)[18][19]
Source 2: PMD (extremes)[20]

Cityscape

[edit]

Civic administration

[edit]
See also: ICT Administration and Capital Development Authority (Islamabad)

The main administrative authority of the city is Islamabad Capital Territory Administration with some help from Metropolitan Corporation Islamabad and Capital Development Authority (CDA), which oversees the planning, development, construction, and administration of the city. Islamabad Capital Territory is divided into eight zones: Administrative Zone, Commercial District, Educational Sector, Industrial Sector, Diplomatic Enclave, Residential Areas, Rural Areas and Green Area.

Islamabad city is divided into five major zones: Zone I, Zone II, Zone III, Zone IV, and Zone V. Out of these, Zone IV is the largest in area. All sectors of Ghouri Town (1, 2, 3, VIP, 5, 4-A, 4-B, 4-C, 5-A, 5-B and sector 7) are located in this zone. Zone I consists mainly of all the developed residential sectors, while Zone II consists of the under-developed residential sectors. Each residential sector is identified by a letter of the alphabet and a number, and covers an area of approximately 4 square kilometres. The sectors are lettered from A to I, and each sector is divided into four numbered sub-sectors.[21]

Sectors

[edit]

Series A, B, and C are still underdeveloped. The D series has seven sectors (D-11 to D-17), of which only sector D-12 is completely developed. This series is located at the foot of Margalla Hills.[22] The E Sectors are named from E-7 to E-17. Many foreigners and diplomatic personnel are housed in these sectors.[22] In the revised Master Plan of the city, CDA has decided to develop a park on the pattern of Fatima Jinnah Park in sector E-14. Sectors E-8 and E-9 contain the campuses of Bahria University, Air University, and the National Defence University.[23][24][25] The F and G series contains the most developed sectors. F series contains sectors F-5 to F-17; some sectors are still under-developed. F-5 is an important sector for the software industry in Islamabad, as the two software technology parks are located here. The entire F-9 sector is covered with Fatima Jinnah Park. The Centaurus complex will be one of the major landmarks of the F-8 sector.[22] G sectors are numbered G-5 through G-17. Some important places include the Jinnah Convention Center and Serena Hotel in G-5, the Red Mosque in G-6, and the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, the largest medical complex in the capital, located in G-8.[22]

The H sectors are numbered H-8 through H-17. The H sectors are mostly dedicated to educational and health institutions. National University of Sciences and Technology covers a major portion of sector H-12.[22] The I sectors are numbered from I-8 to I-18. With the exception of I-8, which is a well-developed residential area, these sectors are primarily part of the industrial zone. Currently two sub-sectors of I-9 and one sub-sector of I-10 are used as industrial areas. CDA is planning to set up Islamabad Railway Station in Sector I-18 and Industrial City in sector I-17.[22] Zone III consists primarily of the Margalla Hills and Margalla Hills National Park. Rawal Lake is in this zone. Zone IV and V consist of Islamabad Park, and rural areas of the city. The Soan River flows into the city through Zone V.

Demographics

[edit]
Further information: Demographics of Islamabad

According to the 2023 Census, Islamabad Capital Territory had an population of 2,363,863.

Census Year Population[26]
1972 237,549
1981 340,286
1998 805,235
2017 2,003,368
2023 2,363,863

Language

[edit]

Languages of Islamabad Capital Territory (2023 Pakistani census)[27]

  Punjabi (50.56%)
  Pashto (18.21%)
  Urdu (15.71%)
  Hindko (6.16%)
  Kashmiri (2.27%)
  Saraiki (2.02%)
  Sindhi (0.93%)
  Balti (0.34%)
  Shina (0.31%)
  Kohistani (0.21%)
  Balochi (0.19%)
  Others (2.92%)

According to 2023 Pakistani census, there are 1,154,540 Punjabi, 415,838 Pashto, 358,922 Urdu, 140,780 Hindko, 51,920 Kashmiri, 46,270 Saraiki, 21,362 Sindhi, 10,315 Balti, 7,099 Shina, 5,016 Koshistani, 4,503 Balochi, 1,095 Mewati, 668 Brahvi, 182 Kalasha and 64,734 others, of total 2,283,244 speakers.

After Islamabad's establishment, people from all around Pakistan shifted here which led to a diverse demographics. But, Punjabis still constitute the single largest ethnic population in the territory.

Religion

[edit]

Religion in Islamabad Territory, Pakistan[28]

  Islam (95.5%)
  Christianity (4.2%)
  Ahmadi (0.1%)
  Others (0.08%)

Islam is the largest and most practiced religion in the territory, with over 96% of the population adhering to the faith. Christianity is the second largest religion and forms 2.8% of the population. Ahmedis make up 0.11%. Other minorities, like Sikhs and Hindus, form just 0.2% combined.[5]

Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area

[edit]
Main article: Islamabad–Rawalpindi metropolitan area
See also: List of places in Islamabad

When the master plan for Islamabad was drawn up in 1960, Islamabad and Rawalpindi, along with the adjoining areas, was to be integrated to form a large metropolitan area called Islamabad/Rawalpindi Metropolitan Area. The area would consist of the developing Islamabad, the old colonial cantonment city of Rawalpindi, and Margalla Hills National Park, including surrounding rural areas.[29][30] However, Islamabad city is part of the Islamabad Capital Territory, while Rawalpindi is part of Rawalpindi District, which is part of province of Punjab.[31]

Economy

[edit]
Main article: Economy of Islamabad
Islamabad Stock Exchange
Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited

Islamabad is a net contributor to the Pakistani economy, as whilst having only 0.8% of the country's population, it contributes 1% to the country's GDP.[32] Islamabad Stock Exchange, founded in 1989, is Pakistan's third largest stock exchange after Karachi Stock Exchange and Lahore Stock Exchange.[33] The exchange has 118 members with 104 corporate bodies and 18 individual members. The average daily turnover of the stock exchange is over one million shares.[34] As of 2012, Islamabad LTU (Large Tax Unit) was responsible for Rs 371 billion in tax revenue, which amounts to 20% of all the revenue collected by Federal Board of Revenue.[35]

Islamabad has seen an expansion in information and communications technology with the addition two Software Technology Parks, which house numerous national and foreign technological and information technology companies. The tech parks are located in Evacuee Trust Complex and Awami Markaz. Awami Markaz houses 36 IT companies while Evacuee Trust house 29 companies.[36] Call centres for foreign companies have been targeted as another significant area of growth, with the government making efforts to reduce taxes by as much as 10% to encourage foreign investments in the information technology sector. Most of Pakistan's state-owned companies like PIA, PTV, PTCL, OGDCL, and Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. are based in Islamabad. Headquarters of all major telecommunication operators such as PTCL, Mobilink, Telenor, Ufone, and China Mobile are located in Islamabad. Being an expensive city, the prices of most of fruits, vegetable and poultry items increased in Islamabad during the year 2015-2020[37]

Tourism

[edit]
Main article: Tourism in Islamabad Capital Territory

Transport

[edit]
Main article: Transport in Islamabad

Airport

[edit]

Islamabad is connected to major destinations around the world through the Islamabad International Airport. The airport is the largest in Pakistan, handling 9 million passengers per annum. The airport was built at a cost of $400 million and opened on 3 May 2018, replacing the former Benazir Bhutto International Airport. It is the first greenfield airport in Pakistan with an area of 3,600-acre (15 km2).[38]

Metrobus

[edit]

The Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus is a 24 km (14.9 mi) bus rapid transit system that serves the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad in Pakistan. It uses dedicated bus lanes for all of its route covering 24 bus stations. Islamabad is well connected with other parts of the country through car rental services such as Alvi Transport Network and Pakistan Car Rentals.[citation needed]

Motorways

[edit]

All major cities and towns are accessible through regular trains and bus services running mostly from the neighbouring city of Rawalpindi. Lahore and Peshawar are linked to Islamabad through a network of motorways, which has significantly reduced travelling times between these cities. M-2 Motorway is 367 km (228 mi) long and connect Islamabad and Lahore.[39] M-1 Motorway connects Islamabad with Peshawar and is 155 km (96 mi) long.[39] Islamabad is linked to Rawalpindi through the Faizabad Interchange, which has a daily traffic volume of about 48,000 vehicles.[40]

Education

[edit]

Islamabad has the highest literacy rate of Pakistan at 95%.[41] Islamabad also has some of Pakistan's major universities, including Quaid-i-Azam University, the International Islamic University, and the National University of Sciences and Technology and Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences

Private School Network Islamabad is working for private educational institutions. The president of PSN is Dr. Muhammad Afzal Babur from Bhara Kahu. PSN is divided into eight zones in Islamabad. In Tarlai Zone Chaudhary Faisal Ali from Faisal Academy Tarlai Kalan is Zonal General Sectary of PSN.

Quaid-e-Azam University has several faculties. The institute is located in a semi-hilly area, east of the Secretariat buildings and near the base of Margalla Hills. This Post-Graduate institute is spread over 1,705 acres (6.90 km2). The nucleus of the campus has been designed as an axial spine with a library as its center. Other universities include the following:[42]

Sports

[edit]

Islamabad United became the first ever team to win Pakistan Super League in 2016.[43] And now the federal team Is participating in the Pakistan Cup.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Punjabi has been the historic native language of the area and, till this day, is the dominant first language in Islamabad. It is spoken in the form of many dialects and varieties, including the indigenous Pothwari dialect.
  2. ^ Islamabad Capital Territory is, geographically, a part of the Punjab region but, administratively, separate from the province of Punjab since 1967.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ McGarr, Paul (2013). The Cold War in South Asia: Britain, the United States and the Indian Subcontinent, 1945-1965. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107008151.
  2. ^ "Major shuffle in top bureaucracy on ECP direction". Dawn (newspaper). 19 August 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  3. ^ "Board Members - CDA". Capital Development Authority. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  4. ^ a b "CDA Facts & Figures". Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  5. ^ a b c "Announcement of Results of 7th Population and Housing Census-2023" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (www.pbs.gov.pk). 5 August 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  6. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  7. ^ "Facts & Statistics - Islamabad".
  8. ^ a b Vinayak Bharne, ed. (2013). The Emerging Asian City: Concomitant Urbanities and Urbanisms. Routledge. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-415-52597-8.
  9. ^ "Federal Territory". HIKEPK. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  10. ^ "Capital Development Authority". www.cda.gov.pk. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  11. ^ Islamabad Capital Territory Administration Archived 4 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Ictadministration.gov.pk. Retrieved on 12 July 2013.
  12. ^ "Best Housing Societies in Islamabad to Invest in 2022". 13 June 2010. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
  13. ^ "Average Conditions, Islamabad, Pakistan". Retrieved 25 September 2009.
  14. ^ "Climate Records: Islamabad". Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
  15. ^ "Severe Storms on dated 23rd July 2001 Islamabad, Pakistan" (PDF). Abdul Hameed, Director Pakistan Meteorological Department.
  16. ^ "Weather Log – July 21–31, 2001". National Climatic Data Center. 6 August 2001.
  17. ^ "Urban growth monitoring along Islamabad Highway". GIS Development.
  18. ^ "Islamabad Climate Normals 1961-1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  19. ^ "Islamabad Climate Normals 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  20. ^ "Extremes of Islamabad". Pakistan Meteorological Department. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  21. ^ Matthew S. Hull (5 June 2012). Government of Paper: The Materiality of Bureaucracy in Urban Pakistan (1st ed.). University of California Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0520272156. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
  22. ^ a b c d e f "The Idea of Islamabad". TheIslamabad.com. Archived from the original on 10 September 2009. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
  23. ^ Bahria University. "Official website". Archived from the original on 1 March 2010.
  24. ^ Air University. "Official website".
  25. ^ National Defence University. "Official website".
  26. ^ "Islamabad (District, Pakistan) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  27. ^ "TABLE 11 – POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  28. ^ "Population by Religion" (PDF).
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