Virtual herbarium
In botany, a virtual herbarium is a herbarium in a digitized form. That is, it concerns a collection of digital images of preserved plants or plant parts. Virtual herbaria often are established to improve availability of specimens to a wider audience. However, there are digital herbaria that are not suitable for internet access because of the high resolution of scans and resulting large file sizes (several hundred megabytes per file). Additional information about each specimen, such as the location, the collector, and the botanical name are attached to every specimen. Frequently, further details such as related species and growth requirements are mentioned.
Specimen imaging
[edit]The standard hardware used for herbarium specimen imaging is the "HerbScan" scanner. It is an inverted flat-bed scanner which raises the specimen up to the scanning surface.[1] This technology was developed because it is standard practice to never turn a herbarium specimen upside-down. Alternatively, some herbaria employ a flat-bed book scanner or a copy stand to achieve the same effect.
A small color chart and a ruler must be included on a herbarium sheet when it is imaged. The JSTOR Plant Science[2] requires that the ruler bears the herbarium name and logo, and that a ColorChecker chart is used for any specimens to be contributed to the Global Plants Initiative (GPI).[3] [4]
Uses
[edit]Virtual herbaria are established in part to increase the longevity of specimens. Major herbaria participate in international loan programs, where a researcher can request specimens to be shipped in for study. This shipping contributes to the wear and tear of specimens. If, however, digital images are available, images of the specimens can be sent electronically. These images may be a sufficient substitute for the specimens themselves, or alternatively, the researcher can use the images to "preview" the specimens, to which ones should be sent out for further study. This process cuts down on the shipping, and thus the wear and tear of the specimens, as well as the wait times associated with shipping.
Virtual herbaria can also be used to increase public awareness of herbaria. Some herbaria make their specimen databases publicly available on the Internet. Digital images of specimens can be added to these databases to allow the public to further engage with the material. Some herbaria also capitalize on their images by selling herbarium prints and greeting cards featuring particularly attractive specimens.
- pre-digitization curation and staging
- specimen image capture
- specimen image processing
- electronic data capture, and
- georeferencing specimen data
See also
[edit]External links
[edit]- Indian Virtual Herbarium
- Tropicos (Missouri Botanical Garden)
- Europeana Collections (High quality scans of the collections of several important European herbaria such as Kew)
- Kew Herbarium Catalogue
- Australia's Virtual Herbarium
- United States Virtual Herbarium
- Louisiana State University Virtual Herbarium
- Botanic Garden Meise Virtual Herbarium
- University of the Balearic Islands Virtual Herbarium
- University of Connecticut Virtual Herbarium
- Utah Valley University Virtual Herbarium
- Virtual Herbarium of the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universität Berlin
- The Virtual Herbarium at The New York Botanical Garden
- JSTOR Plant Science
- Reflora Virtual Herbarium
- Moscow Digital Herbarium: 786K scans online
- Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries
- Digital Herbarium of Angiospermic Plants of Western Ghat Regions of Maharashtra
- Digital Herbarium of Selected Indian Medicinal Plants
- Digital Flora of Karnataka
- BRIT Virtual Herbarium
References
[edit]- ^ "Herbarium digitisation". Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
- ^ "JSTOR Plant Science". JSTOR.
- ^ "JSTOR PLANTS Handbook" (PDF). JSTOR.
- ^ "Global Plants Initiative". JSTOR.
- ^ Mast, Austin; Riccardi, Greg; Paul, Deborah; Nelson, Gil (2012-07-20). "Five task clusters that enable efficient and effective digitization of biological collections". ZooKeys (209): 19–45. doi:10.3897/zookeys.209.3135. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 3406464. PMID 22859876.