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Far East

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Far East (disambiguation).
Far East
Location of the Far East, geographically defined
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese遠東
Simplified Chinese远东
Literal meaningFar East
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinYuǎn Dōng
Bopomofoㄩㄢˇ ㄉㄨㄥ
Tongyong PinyinYuǎn Dōng
Yue: Cantonese
JyutpingJyun5 Dung1
Southern Min
Hokkien POJÓan-tong
Burmese name
Burmeseအရှေ့ဖျား ဒေသ
IPA[ʔəʃḛbjá dèθa̰]
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabetViễn Đông
Chữ Hán遠東
Thai name
Thaiตะวันออกไกล
RTGSTawan-ok Klai
Korean name
Hangul극동
Hanja極東
Transcriptions
Revised RomanizationGeuk Dong
McCune–ReischauerKŭk Tong
Mongolian name
Mongolian CyrillicАлс Дорнод
Als Dornod
Japanese name
Kanji極東
Hiraganaきょくとう
Katakanaキョクトー
Transcriptions
RomanizationKyoku Tō
Malay name
Malayتيمور جاءوه
Timur Jauh
Indonesian name
IndonesianTimur Jauh
Filipino name
TagalogIn Filipino: Kasilangánan
Silangánan (poetic)
Maláyong Silángan (literal)
Tamil name
Tamilதூர கிழக்கு
Tūra Kiḻakku
Portuguese name
PortugueseExtremo Oriente
Russian name
RussianДальний Восток
IPA: [ˈdalʲnʲɪj vɐˈstok]
RomanizationDál'niy Vostók
Lao name
Laoຕາເວັນອອກໄກ
Taven-ok kai
Khmer name
Khmerចុងបូព៌ា
Chong Bopea
Tetum name
TetumDok Lorosa'e

The Far East is the geographical region that encompasses the easternmost portion of the Asian continent, including East, North, and Southeast Asia.[1][2] South Asia is sometimes also included in the definition of the term.[3][4] In modern times, the term Far East has widely fallen out of use and been substituted by Asia–Pacific,[5] while the terms Middle East and Near East, although now pertaining to different territories, are still commonly used today.

The term first came into use in European geopolitical discourse in the 15th century, particularly the British, denoting the Far East as the "farthest" of the three "Easts", beyond the Near East and the Middle East.[6] Likewise, during the Qing dynasty of the 19th and early 20th centuries, the term "Tàixī (泰西)" – i.e., anything further west than the Arab world – was used to refer to the Western countries.

Since the mid-20th century, the term has mostly gone out of use for the region in international mass media outlets due to its perceived Eurocentric connotations.[7][8][9] North Asia is sometimes excluded due to cultural and ethnic differences.[10]

The term is still used in Russia to refer to its sparsely populated easternmost regions (being "far" in this case from the political, economic and cultural centres, Moscow and Saint Petersburg).

Popularization

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Among Western Europeans, prior to the colonial era, Far East referred to anything further east than the Middle East. In the 16th century, King John III of Portugal called India a "rich and interesting country in the Far East[11] (Extremo Oriente)." The term was popularized during the period of the British Empire as a blanket term for lands to the east of British India.

In pre-World War I European geopolitics, Near East referred to the relatively nearby lands of the Ottoman Empire, Middle East denoted north-western Southern Asian region and Central Asia, and the Far East meant countries along the western Pacific Ocean and eastern Indian Ocean. Many European languages have analogous terms, such as the French (Extrême-Orient), Spanish (Extremo Oriente), Portuguese (Extremo Oriente), Italian (Estremo Oriente), German (Ferner Osten), Polish (Daleki Wschód), Norwegian (Det fjerne Østen) and Dutch (Verre Oosten).

Cultural and geographic meaning

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Significantly, the term evokes cultural as well as geographic separation; the Far East is not just geographically distant, but also culturally exotic. It never refers, for instance, to the culturally Western nations of Australia and New Zealand, which lie even farther to the east of Europe than East Asia itself. This combination of cultural and geographic subjectivity was well illustrated in 1939 by Robert Menzies, a Prime Minister of Australia. Reflecting on his country's geopolitical situation with the onset of war, Menzies commented that: "The problems of the Pacific are different. What Great Britain calls the Far East is to us the near north."[12]

Far East, in its usual sense, is comparable to terms such as the Orient (Latin for "East"), Eastern world, or simply the East, all of which may refer, broadly, to East and South-East Asia in general. Occasionally, albeit more in the past, the Russian Far East and South Asia have been deemed to be part of the Far East.

Commenting on such terms, John K. Fairbank and Edwin O. Reischauer (both professors of East Asian Studies at Harvard University) wrote, in East Asia: The Great Tradition:

When Europeans traveled far to the east to reach Cathay, Japan and the Indies, they naturally gave those distant regions the general name 'Far East.' Americans who reached China, Japan and Southeast Asia by sail and steam across the Pacific could, with equal logic, have called that area the 'Far West.' For the people who live in that part of the world, however, it is neither 'East' nor 'West' and certainly not 'Far.' A more generally acceptable term for the area is 'East Asia,' which is geographically more precise and does not imply the outdated notion that Europe is the center of the civilized world.[9]

Today, the term remains in the names of some longstanding institutions, including the Far Eastern Federal University in Vladivostok, Far Eastern University in Manila, the Far East University in South Korea, and Far East, the periodical magazine of the Missionary Society of St. Columban. Furthermore, the United States and United Kingdom have historically incorporated Far East in the names of several military units and commands in the region, such as the British Royal Navy's Far East Fleet, for instance.

Territories and regions conventionally included in the Far East

[edit]
Name of region[13] and
territory, with flag 		Area
(km2) 		Population
 Population density
(per km2) 		Capital Forms of government Currency Official languages
North Asia
Russia Russia[14][15] 13,100,000 37,600,000 2.6 Moscow[16] Federal semi-presidential republic Ruble Russian and
27 other co-official languages
East Asia
 China[17] 9,598,094[18]
 1,371,821,094[19] 145.0 Beijing One-party socialist republic Yuan (Renminbi) Chinese (Mandarin)[20]
 Hong Kong[21] 1,108 7,448,900 6,777.0 Hong Kong Special administrative region
of the People's Republic of China 		Hong Kong dollar Chinese,[22]
English
 Japan 377,973 126,440,000 334.0 Tokyo Parliamentary democracy,
Constitutional monarchy 		Yen None[23]
 Macau[24] 115.3 653,100 21,340.0 Macau Special administrative region
of the People's Republic of China 		Pataca Chinese,[25]
Portuguese
 Mongolia 1,566,000 3,081,677 1.97 Ulaanbaatar Semi-presidential system Tögrög Mongolian
 North Korea 120,540 25,368,620 212.0 Pyongyang Juche unitarian dictatorship
Socialist Republic 		North Korean won Korean
 South Korea 100,363 51,446,201 507.0 Seoul Unitary presidential republic South Korean won Korean
 Taiwan[26] 36,197 23,577,271 650.0 Taipei Semi-presidential system New Taiwan dollar Chinese (Mandarin)
Southeast Asia
 Brunei 5,765 417,200 72.11 Bandar Seri Begawan Absolute Islamic Sultanate Brunei dollar Malay and English
 Cambodia 181,035 16,245,729 81.8 Phnom Penh Constitutional monarchy Riel Khmer
 Christmas Island[27] 135 1,692 12.5 Flying Fish Cove External territory of Australia Australian dollar None[28]
 Cocos (Keeling) Islands[29] 14 593 42.4 West Island External territory of Australia Australian dollar None[30]
 Indonesia 1,904,569 261,115,456 138.0 Jakarta Presidential republic Rupiah Indonesian
 Laos 237,955 6,758,353 26.7 Vientiane Socialist Republic Kip Lao
 Malaysia 330,803 32,049,700 92.0 Kuala Lumpur Federal constitutional monarchy,
Parliamentary democracy 		Ringgit Malay
 Myanmar (Burma) 676,578 53,582,855 76.0 Naypyidaw Unitary presidential
constitutional republic 		Kyat Burmese
 Philippines 300,000 100,981,437 336.0 Manila Unitary presidential
constitutional republic 		Philippine peso (Piso) Filipino and English
 Singapore 722.5 5,638,700 7,804.0 Singapore Parliamentary republic Singapore dollar Malay, English,
Chinese (Mandarin), and Tamil
 Thailand 513,120 68,863,514 132.1 Bangkok Constitutional monarchy,
Parliamentary democracy 		Baht Thai
 Timor-Leste (East Timor) 15,410 1,167,242 78.0 Dili Parliamentary republic U.S. dollar / Centavo coins Tetum and Portuguese
 Vietnam 331,212 94,569,072 276.03 Hanoi One-party,
Socialist Republic 		đồng Vietnamese

Cities

[edit]
Further information: Cities of East Asia; List of cities in East, South, and Southeast Asia by population; and List of ports and harbors of the Pacific Ocean

See also

[edit]
Look up far east in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Organizations

References

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  1. ^ "Oxford Dictionaries – Dictionary, Thesaurus, & Grammar". askoxford.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.
  2. ^ "What is the Far East?". WorldAtlas. 1 August 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  3. ^ "Far East, Middle East, Near East". 13 July 2011. Archived from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  4. ^ "Far East Definition". Law Insider. Archived from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  5. ^ Farrell, Brian P.; Long, S.R. Joey; Ulbrich, David, eds. (18 July 2022), "From Far East to Asia Pacific: Great Powers and Grand Strategy 1900–1954", From Far East to Asia Pacific, De Gruyter Oldenbourg, doi:10.1515/9783110718713, ISBN 978-3-11-071871-3, retrieved 10 August 2024
  6. ^ "Where is the Middle East? The Near East? The Far East?". Dictionary.com. 24 February 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  7. ^ Fields, Larry. "The Eurocentric Worldwiew: Misunderstanding East Asia" (PDF). asj.upd.edu.ph. p. 40. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  8. ^ "A menagerie of monikers". The Economist. 7 January 2010. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  9. ^ a b Reischauer, Edwin and John K Fairbank, East Asia: The Great Tradition, 1960.
  10. ^ "East and Southeast Asia". ANDE. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
  11. ^ Robert Sewell (1901). A Forgotten Empire: Vijayanagar; A Contribution to the History of India. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 9788120601253.
  12. ^ Menzies, R.G. (26 April 1939). "73 Broadcast Speech". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 20 March 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
  13. ^ Continental regions as per UN categorisations (map), except 12. Depending on definitions, various territories cited below (notes 6, 11–13, 15, 17–19, 21–23) may be in one or both of Asia and Europe, Africa, or Oceania.
  14. ^ Russia is a transcontinental country located in Eastern Europe and North Asia, but is considered European historically, culturally, and ethnically, and the vast majority of its population (78%) lives within its European part.
  15. ^ Asian part only.
  16. ^ Moscow is located in Europe.
  17. ^ The state is commonly known as simply "China", which is subsumed by the eponymous entity and civilisation (China). Figures given are for Mainland China only, and do not include Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
  18. ^ Includes PRC-administered area (Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract, both territories claimed by India).
  19. ^ Information listed is for Mainland China only. The Special administrative region (i.e. Hong Kong and Macau), the island territories under the control of the Republic of China (which includes the islands of Taiwan, Quemoy, and Matsu) are excluded.
  20. ^ "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37)". Chinese Government. 31 October 2000. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2013. For purposes of this Law, the standard spoken and written Chinese language means Putonghua (a common speech with pronunciation based on the Beijing dialect) and the standardized Chinese characters.
  21. ^ Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
  22. ^ No specific variety of Chinese is official in the territory. Residents predominantly speak Cantonese, the de facto regional standard.
  23. ^ Japan's National Diet have not officially enacted a law stating that the official language is Japanese.
  24. ^ Macau is a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China.
  25. ^ No specific variety of Chinese is official in the territory. Residents predominantly speak Cantonese, the de facto regional standard.
  26. ^ Figures are for the area under the de facto control of the Republic of China (ROC) government, commonly referred to as Taiwan. Claimed in whole by the PRC; see political status of Taiwan.
  27. ^ Christmas Island is an External Territory of Australia.
  28. ^ English does not have de jure status in Christmas Island and in Australia, but it is the de facto language of communication in government.
  29. ^ The Cocos (Keeling) Islands are an External Territory of Australia.
  30. ^ English does not have de jure status in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands and in Australia, but it is the de facto language of communication in government.

Further reading

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  • Burghart, Sabine, Denis Park, and Liudmila Zakharova. "The DPRK's economic exchanges with Russia and the EU since 2000: an analysis of institutional effects and the case of the Russian Far East." Asia Europe Journal 18.3 (2020): 281–303. on North Korea
  • Clyde, Paul Hibbert, and Burton F. Beers. The Far East: A History of Western Impacts and Eastern Responses, 1830–1975 (1975). online
  • Crofts, Alfred. A history of the Far East (1958) online
  • Fairbank, John K., Edwin Reischauer, and Albert M. Craig. East Asia: The great tradition and East Asia: The modern transformation (1960) [2 vol 1960] online, famous textbook.
  • Green, Michael. By More Than Providence: Grand Strategy and American Power in the Asia Pacific Since 1783 (2019) excerpt
  • Iriye, Akira. After Imperialism; The Search for a New Order in the Far East 1921–1931. (1965).
  • Keay, John. Empire's End: A History of the Far East from High Colonialism to Hong Kong (Scribner, 1997). online
  • Louis, Wm Roger. "The road to Singapore: British imperialism in the Far East, 1932–42." in The fascist challenge and the policy of appeasement (Routledge, 2021) pp. 352–388.
  • Macnair, Harley F. & Donald Lach. Modern Far Eastern International Relations. (2nd ed 1955) 1950 edition online free, 780pp; focus on 1900–1950.
  • Norman, Henry. The Peoples and Politics of the Far East: Travels and studies in the British, French, Spanish and Portuguese colonies, Siberia, China, Japan, Korea, Siam and Malaya (1904) online
  • Paine, S. C. M. The Wars for Asia, 1911–1949 (2014) excerpt
  • Ring, George C. Religions of the Far East: Their History to the Present Day (Kessinger Publishing, 2006).
  • Solomon, Richard H., and Masataka Kosaka, eds. The Soviet Far East military buildup: nuclear dilemmas and Asian security (Routledge, 2021).
  • Stephan, John J. The Russian Far East (Stanford University Press, 2022).
  • Vinacke, Harold M. A History of the Far East in Modern Times (1964) online free
  • Vogel, Ezra. China and Japan: Facing History (2019) excerpt
  • Woodcock, George. The British in the Far East (1969) online.
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