Oneirogen
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An oneirogen, from the Greek ὄνειρος óneiros meaning "dream" and gen "to create", is a substance or other stimulus which produces or enhances dreamlike states of consciousness.[1] This is characterized by an immersive dream state similar to REM sleep, which can range from realistic to alien or abstract.
Many dream-enhancing plants such as dream herb (Calea zacatechichi) and African dream herb (Entada rheedii), as well as the hallucinogenic diviner's sage (Salvia divinorum), have been used for thousands of years in a form of divination through dreams, called oneiromancy, in which practitioners seek to receive psychic or prophetic information during dream states. The term oneirogen commonly describes a wide array of psychoactive plants and chemicals ranging from normal dream enhancers to intense dissociative or deliriant drugs.
Effects experienced with the use of oneirogens may include microsleep, hypnagogia, fugue states, rapid eye movement sleep (REM), hypnic jerks, lucid dreams, and out-of-body experiences. Some oneirogenic substances are said to have little to no effect on waking consciousness, and will not exhibit their effects until the user falls into a natural sleep state.
List of oneirogens
[edit]- Calea zacatechichi ("Calea ternifolia") has been traditionally used in Central America as a believed way to potentiate lucid dreams and perform dream divination. It can promote dreams vivid to the senses, sight, scent, hearing, touch, and taste. May be taken as a tea or smoked.[2][3][4][5]
- Entada rheedii ("African dream bean")[4]
- Mugwort,[4] see Artemisia douglasiana
- Silene undulata (also known as "Silene capensis" or "African dream root") is used by the Xhosa people of South Africa to induce lucid dreams.[5][6]
List of possible oneirogens
[edit]- Amanita muscaria (contains muscimol)
- Amphetamines and other stimulants can create psychotic episodes (called stimulant psychosis) which may be defined as bursts of dream activity erupting spontaneously into waking states; this is not due to the substance itself but rather a result of the prolonged suppression of cholinergic activity and REM sleep due to amphetamine or stimulant abuse.[citation needed]
- Artemisia douglasiana or California mugwort, Douglas's sagewort or dream plant, is a western North American species of aromatic herb in the sunflower family that can be used as a scent, tea, or smoke to trigger vivid and lucid dreams.[citation needed]
- Artemisia vulgaris
- Wild red asparagus root may promote dreams that involve flying. [citation needed]
- Atropa belladonna (contains atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine)
- Atropine (via blockade of acetylcholine receptors) [citation needed]
- Benzatropine
- Bupropion
- Datura (contains atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine)
- Dextromethorphan (the main ingredient in many cough syrups)[citation needed]
- Dimethyltryptamine can trigger intensely vivid and surreal spiritually charged dream states.
- Diphenhydramine ("Benadryl") can invoke an intense hypnagogic REM-like microsleep often indifferentiable from reality. It accomplishes this by blocking various acetylcholine receptors in the brain.[7]
- Galantamine was shown to increase lucid dreaming by 27% at 4 mg and 42% at 8 mg in a 2018 double-blind study lasting three nights.[8]
- Galanthus (genus) – An alkaloid in the plant is believed to increase the concentration of acetylcholine – a neurotransmitter that plays a very active role in dreaming[citation needed]
- Harmaline [citation needed]
- Hyoscyamine
- Ibogaine,[9] Ibogamine, and Tabernanthe iboga
- Ilex guayusa can promote vivid dreams and aids in dream recollection.[citation needed]
- Melatonin and Ramelteon may cause vivid dreams as a side effect[citation needed][5]
- Mirtazapine,[10] paroxetine, and varenicline often cause vivid dreams. [citation needed]
- MMDA[citation needed]
- Muscimol[11] and other GABA receptor agonists like Zolpidem[citation needed]
- Nutmeg in commonly used amounts myristicin and elemicin, can increase vividness of dreams[citation needed]
- Water lily dried flowers may be smoked, or the rhizomes eaten, to promote vivid dreams. [citation needed]
- Many opioids may produce a euphoric dream-like state with microsleep, known colloquially as "nodding".[citation needed]
- Peganum harmala (contains harmaline)
- Scopolamine
Hallucinogenic oneirogens
[edit]- Tabernanthe iboga (iboga) is a perennial rainforest shrub native to West Africa. An evergreen bush indigenous to Gabon, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and the Republic of Congo, it is cultivated across West Africa. In African traditional medicine and rituals, the yellowish root or bark is used to produce hallucinations and near-death outcomes, with some fatalities occurring.[12][13]
- Psilocybe mushrooms and their active ingredients psilocin and psilocybin[14]
- Salvia divinorum and other Kappa receptor agonists[citation needed]
- Ketamine
Disputed oneirogens
[edit]- Valerian (herb) – A study conducted in the UK in 2001 showed that valerian root significantly improved stress induced insomnia, but as a side effect greatly increased the vividness of dreams. This study concluded that valerian root affects REM due to natural chemicals and essential oils that stimulate serotonin and opioid receptors. Another study found no encephalographic changes in subjects under its influence.[15][16][17]
Nonchemical oneirogens
[edit]- Binaural beats can be used to stimulate or trigger dream states, like hypnagogia or rapid eye movement sleep.[medical citation needed]
- Mindfulness practices could be useful in achieving lucid dream.[18]
- Sleep deprivation can make dreams more intense, which is caused by REM rebound effect [19]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Sparrow G, Hurd R, Carlson R, Molina A (August 2018). "Exploring the effects of galantamine paired with meditation and dream reliving on recalled dreams: Toward an integrated protocol for lucid dream induction and nightmare resolution". Consciousness and Cognition. 63: 74–88. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2018.05.012. PMID 29960246. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
- ^ Mossoba ME, Flynn TJ, Vohra S, Wiesenfeld P, Sprando RL (2016). "Evaluation of "Dream Herb," Calea zacatechichi, for Nephrotoxicity Using Human Kidney Proximal Tubule Cells". J Toxicol. 2016: 9794570. doi:10.1155/2016/9794570. PMC 5040790. PMID 27703475.
- ^ Sałaga M, Fichna J, Socała K, Nieoczym D, Pieróg M, Zielińska M, Kowalczuk A, Wlaź P (June 2016). "Neuropharmacological characterization of the oneirogenic Mexican plant Calea zacatechichi aqueous extract in mice". Metab Brain Dis. 31 (3): 631–41. doi:10.1007/s11011-016-9794-1. PMC 4863909. PMID 26821073.
- ^ a b c "Oneirogens - BurnZero Pharmacopeia".
- ^ a b c Sanz C, Zamberlan F, Erowid E, Erowid F, Tagliazucchi E (2018). "The Experience Elicited by Hallucinogens Presents the Highest Similarity to Dreaming within a Large Database of Psychoactive Substance Reports". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 12: 7. doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00007. ISSN 1662-453X. PMC 5786560. PMID 29403350.
- ^ Sobiecki J (December 2008). "A review of plants used in divination in southern Africa and their psychoactive effects". South African Humanities. 20 (2): 333–351. Archived from the original on 14 April 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
- ^ https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/091526lbl.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ LaBerge (August 2018). "Pre-sleep treatment with galantamine stimulates lucid dreaming: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study". PLOS ONE. 13 (8): e0201246. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1301246L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201246. PMC 6082533. PMID 30089135.
- ^ Schenberg EE, Comis MA, Alexandre JF, Tófoli LF, Chaves BD, Silveira DX (2017-11-01). "A phenomenological analysis of the subjective experience elicited by ibogaine in the context of a drug dependence treatment". Journal of Psychedelic Studies. 1 (2): 74–83. doi:10.1556/2054.01.2017.007.
- ^ National Center for Biotechnology Information (2021). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 4205, Mirtazapine. Retrieved September 24, 2021 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Mirtazapine.
- ^ "Muscimol".
- ^ "Iboga". Drugs.com. 23 January 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
- ^ Koenig X, Hilber K (29 January 2015). "The Anti-Addiction Drug Ibogaine and the Heart: A Delicate Relation". Molecules. 20 (2): 2208–2228. doi:10.3390/molecules20022208. ISSN 1420-3049. PMC 4382526. PMID 26807959.
- ^ Carhart-Harris R, Nutt D (2014). "Was it a vision or a waking dream?". Frontiers in Psychology. 5: 255. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00255. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 3983501. PMID 24772095.
- ^ Klepser TB, Klepser ME (1999). "Unsafe and potentially safe herbal therapies". Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 56 (12538): 125–38, quiz 139–41. doi:10.1093/ajhp/56.2.125. PMID 10030529.
- ^ Wong AH, Smith M, Boon HS (1998). "Herbal remedies in psychiatric practice". Arch Gen Psychiatry. 55 (103344): 1033–44. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.11.1033. PMID 9819073.
- ^ Miller LG (1998). "Herbal medicines. Selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions". Arch Intern Med. 158 (220011): 2200–11. doi:10.1001/archinte.158.20.2200. PMID 9818800.
- ^ "The Link Between Mindfulness, Meditation, and Lucid Dreaming | Psychology Today". www.psychologytoday.com.
- ^ Machado RB, Suchecki D (2016). "Neuroendocrine and Peptidergic Regulation of Stress-Induced REM Sleep Rebound". Frontiers in Endocrinology. 7: 163. doi:10.3389/fendo.2016.00163. PMC 5179577. PMID 28066328.
Sources
[edit]- Schultes RE, Albert Hofmann (1979), Plants of the Gods: Origins of Hallucinogenic Use, New York: McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-056089-7
- Gianluca Toro, Benjamin Thomas (2007), Drugs of the Dreaming: Oneirogens: Salvia divinorum and Other Dream-Enhancing Plants, Park Street Press, ISBN 978-1594771743
External links
[edit]
Media related to Oneirogens at Wikimedia Commons
