731

731 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	731; DCCXXXI
Ab urbe condita	1484
Armenian calendar	180; ԹՎ ՃՁ
Assyrian calendar	5481
Balinese saka calendar	652–653
Bengali calendar	138
Berber calendar	1681
Buddhist calendar	1275
Burmese calendar	93
Byzantine calendar	6239–6240
Chinese calendar	庚午年 (Metal Horse); 3428 or 3221; — to —; 辛未年 (Metal Goat); 3429 or 3222
Coptic calendar	447–448
Discordian calendar	1897
Ethiopian calendar	723–724
Hebrew calendar	4491–4492
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	787–788
- Shaka Samvat	652–653
- Kali Yuga	3831–3832
Holocene calendar	10731
Iranian calendar	109–110
Islamic calendar	112–113
Japanese calendar	Tenpyō 3; (天平３年)
Javanese calendar	624–625
Julian calendar	731; DCCXXXI
Korean calendar	3064
Minguo calendar	1181 before ROC; 民前1181年
Nanakshahi calendar	−737
Seleucid era	1042/1043 AG
Thai solar calendar	1273–1274
Tibetan calendar	阳金马年; (male Iron-Horse); 857 or 476 or −296; — to —; 阴金羊年; (female Iron-Goat); 858 or 477 or −295

Millennium:	1st millennium
Centuries:	7th century; 8th century ; 9th century;
Decades:	710s; 720s; 730s ; 740s; 750s;
Years:	728; 729; 730; 731 ; 732; 733; 734;

Year 731 (DCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 731 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Events

Umayyad conquest of Gaul: Munuza, Moorish governor of Cerdagne (eastern Pyrenees), rebels against Umayyad authority. He is defeated and executed by Muslim forces under Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi at Urgell (Catalonia). Muslim garrisons in Septimania raid the cities Millau and Arles.^[1]
Ragenfrid, ex-mayor of the palace of Neustria, meets Duke Eudes of Aquitaine, to accept his rule and independence from the Frankish Kingdom. Fearing an alliance against him, Charles Martel exiles Ragenfrid's supporter Wandon of Fontenelle, and imprisons bishop Aimar of Auxerre.^[2]
Charles Martel leads two raids across the Loire River into the Berry region. The Franks seize and plunder Bourges (central France), but the city is immediately recaptured by Eudes of Aquitaine.

Autumn – King Ceolwulf of Northumbria is deposed by opponents, and forced to enter a monastery. His supporters subsequently restore him to the throne (or 732).
King Æthelbald of Mercia overruns a large portion of Somerset, and wrests the county from Wessex control (approximate date).

Battle of the Defile: An Umayyad relief army (28,000 men) is sent to Samarkand (modern Uzbekistan), which is besieged by the Turgesh.^[3] The Muslims are ambushed near the Zarafshan Range, at the Tashtakaracha Pass.^[4]^[5] The battle results in a Pyrrhic victory, with heavy casualties for the Umayyad army, halting Muslim expansion in Central Asia for almost two decades.

February 11 – Pope Gregory II dies at Rome after a 16-year reign, in which he has fought Iconoclasm. He is succeeded by the Syrian-born cleric Gregory III, as the 90th pope of the Catholic Church.^[6]
A Moorish raiding party under Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi invades deep into Burgundy, and plunders the monastery of Luxeuil Abbey, located in the Haute-Saône, massacring most of the community.
November 1 – Synod of Rome: Gregory III summons a council at the shrine of Saint Peter. All western bishops participate, including the Roman nobility. Gregory condemns Iconoclasm as a heresy.^[7]

^ David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 41). ISBN 978-184603-230-1
^ David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 19). ISBN 978-184603-230-1
^ Blankinship (1994), pp. 156, 157
^ Kennedy (2001), p. 29
^ Kennedy (2007), p. 285
^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Pope St. Gregory III" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^ Treadgold, p. 354