1825 in science

	… 1815; 1816; 1817; 1818; 1819; 1820; 1821; ; 1822; 1823; 1824; 1825; 1826; 1827; 1828; ; 1829; 1830; 1831; 1832; 1833; 1834; 1835 …;
	Art; Archaeology; Architecture; Literature; Music; Philosophy; Science; +...

The year 1825 science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy

Pierre-Simon Laplace completes his study of gravitation, the stability of the Solar System, tides, the precession of the equinoxes, the libration of the Moon, and Saturn's rings in publishing the fifth and final volume of Mécanique Céleste (Celestial Mechanics).^[1]

Biology

Richard Harlan publishes Fauna Americana.^[2]
Charles Waterton publishes Wanderings in South America, the North-west of the United States, and the Antilles, in the years 1812, 1816, 1820, and 1824; with original instructions for the perfect preservation of birds, &c. for cabinets of natural history.
Cox's Orange Pippin apple cultivar first grown, at Colnbrook in Buckinghamshire, England, by horticulturist and retired brewer Richard Cox.

Chemistry

Michael Faraday isolates benzene as Bicarburet of Hydrogen.^[3]^[4]
Hans Christian Ørsted reduces aluminium chloride to produce metallic aluminium in an impure form.
Friedrich Wöhler and Justus von Liebig perform the first confirmed discovery and explanation of isomers, earlier named by Berzelius. Working with cyanic acid and fulminic acid, they correctly deduce that isomerism is caused by differing arrangements of atoms within a molecular structure.^[5]^[6]

Earth sciences

July – Volcanic eruption of Mount Guntur in West Java.
G. Poulett Scrope publishes Considerations on Volcanoes, the first systematic work on volcanology.^[7]

Mathematics

Augustin-Louis Cauchy presents the Cauchy integral theorem for general integration paths—he assumes the function being integrated has a continuous derivative.
Augustin-Louis Cauchy introduces the theory of residues in complex analysis.
Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet and Adrien-Marie Legendre prove Fermat's Last Theorem for n = 5.
André-Marie Ampère discovers Stokes' theorem.
Benjamin Gompertz formulates the Gompertz function.

Medicine

Jean-Baptiste Sarlandière's Mémoires sur L'Électro-Puncture introduces Western medicine to electroacupuncture.^[8]

Paleontology

Georges Cuvier proposes his catastrophe theory as the cause of extinctions of large groups of animals.
Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire identifies Cuvier's fossil 'crocodile' as a teleosaurus.

Technology

August – The wire-cable suspension bridge between Tournon-sur-Rhône and Tain-l'Hermitage, designed by Marc Seguin, opens.^[9]
September 27 – The world's longest railway to be worked by steam locomotives at this date, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, opens in northern England.
October 26 – The Erie Canal officially opens over 363 miles (584 km) from Albany, New York, to Lake Erie.^[10]
English inventor William Sturgeon describes the first electromagnet.^[11]

Institutions

December 19 – First of the annual Royal Institution Christmas Lectures in London, which will continue for two centuries.

Awards

Copley Medal: François Arago; Peter Barlow^[12]

Births

January 18 – Edward Frankland (died 1899), English chemist.
March 25 – Max Schultze (died 1874), German physiologist.
March 30 – Theodor Kjerulf (died 1888), Norwegian geologist.
May 1 – Johann Balmer (died 1898), Swiss mathematician.
May 4 – Thomas Henry Huxley (died 1895), English biologist.
May 9 – George Davidson (died 1911), English-born geodesist, astronomer, geographer, surveyor and engineer in the United States.
June 6 – Friedrich Bayer (died 1880), German manufacturing chemist.
September 4 – Richard Maack (died 1886), Russian naturalist, geographer, and anthropologist.
November 29 – Jean-Martin Charcot (died 1893), French neurologist.
December 26 – Felix Hoppe-Seyler (died 1895), German physiologist.

Deaths

April 19 – Marc-Auguste Pictet (born 1752), Swiss scientific journalist and natural philosopher.^[13]
June – William Higgins (born 1763), Irish chemist.^[14]
July 25 – John Gough (born 1757), blind English natural philosopher.
October 6 – Bernard Germain Étienne (born 1756), French naturalist.
Maria Angela Ardinghelli (born 1730), Italian mathematician and physicist.

References

^ "Art. III.—Traité de Mecanique Celeste, par M. Le Marquis De Laplace, Pair de France; &c. &c. Tome Cinquime. Paris, Bachelier: 1825. 4to. pp. 420". American Quarterly Review. V (X). Philadelphia: Carey, Lea & Carey: 310. June 1829 – via Google Books.
^ "Harlan's Fauna Americana". The North American Review. XXII (L). Frederick T. Gray: 120–136. January 1826 – via Google Books.
^ Faraday, M. (1825-06-16). "On New Compounds of Carbon and Hydrogen, and on Certain Other Products Obtained during the Decomposition of Oil by Heat". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 115: 440–466. doi:10.1098/rstl.1825.0022. JSTOR 107752. Retrieved 2012-09-25.
^ Kaiser, R. (1968). "'Bicarburet of Hydrogen': Reappraisal of the Discovery of Benzene in 1825 with the Analytical Methods of 1968". Angewandte Chemie. 7 (5) (International ed.): 345–350. doi:10.1002/anie.196803451.
^ "Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler". Science History Institute. June 2016.
^ Bowden, Mary Ellen (1997). "Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler". Chemical achievers : the human face of the chemical sciences. Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation. pp. 83–87. ISBN 9780941901123.
^ "Scrope, George Julius Poulett". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
^ Gwei-Djen, Lu; Needham, Joseph (1980). Celestial Lancets: A History and Rationale of Acupuncture and Moxa. Cambridge University Press. pp. 295–7. ISBN 978-0-521-21513-8.
^ Drewry, Charles Stewart (1832). A Memoir of Suspension Bridges, Comprising the History of their Origin and Progress. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman. pp. 110–114. Retrieved 2011-04-18.
^ Finch, Roy G. (1925), The Story of the New York State Canals (PDF), New York State Canal Corporation, retrieved 2012-09-25
^ Gee, William; James, Frank A. J. L. (2004). "Sturgeon, William (1783–1850)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26748. Retrieved 2012-01-05. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
^ "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
^ Biographical Index, Part Two (PDF). Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. p. 736. ISBN 0 902 198 84 X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2019-03-18.
^ "William Higgins". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 18 March 2019.

[1] "Art. III.—Traité de Mecanique Celeste, par M. Le Marquis De Laplace, Pair de France; &c. &c. Tome Cinquime. Paris, Bachelier: 1825. 4to. pp. 420". American Quarterly Review. V (X). Philadelphia: Carey, Lea & Carey: 310. June 1829 – via Google Books.

[2] "Harlan's Fauna Americana". The North American Review. XXII (L). Frederick T. Gray: 120–136. January 1826 – via Google Books.

[3] Faraday, M. (1825-06-16). "On New Compounds of Carbon and Hydrogen, and on Certain Other Products Obtained during the Decomposition of Oil by Heat". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 115: 440–466. doi:10.1098/rstl.1825.0022. JSTOR 107752. Retrieved 2012-09-25.

[4] Kaiser, R. (1968). "'Bicarburet of Hydrogen': Reappraisal of the Discovery of Benzene in 1825 with the Analytical Methods of 1968". Angewandte Chemie. 7 (5) (International ed.): 345–350. doi:10.1002/anie.196803451.

[CHF-5] "Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler". Science History Institute. June 2016.

[Bowden-6] Bowden, Mary Ellen (1997). "Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler". Chemical achievers : the human face of the chemical sciences. Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation. pp. 83–87. ISBN 9780941901123.

[7] "Scrope, George Julius Poulett". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2009. Retrieved 22 August 2016.

[8] Gwei-Djen, Lu; Needham, Joseph (1980). Celestial Lancets: A History and Rationale of Acupuncture and Moxa. Cambridge University Press. pp. 295–7. ISBN 978-0-521-21513-8.

[9] Drewry, Charles Stewart (1832). A Memoir of Suspension Bridges, Comprising the History of their Origin and Progress. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman. pp. 110–114. Retrieved 2011-04-18.

[10] Finch, Roy G. (1925), The Story of the New York State Canals (PDF), New York State Canal Corporation, retrieved 2012-09-25

[11] Gee, William; James, Frank A. J. L. (2004). "Sturgeon, William (1783–1850)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26748. Retrieved 2012-01-05. (subscription or UK public library membership required)

[12] "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 July 2020.

[13] Biographical Index, Part Two (PDF). Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. p. 736. ISBN 0 902 198 84 X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2019-03-18.

[14] "William Higgins". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 18 March 2019.

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